Good morning everyone! Thank you for coming back for another day of #AorticDiseaseAwarenessMonth! Yesterday we gave a brief overview of the structure and function of the Aorta. Here's a little challenge - Can you name the three layers of the aorta? Comment your answers below - no peaking ;)
Today we will be discussing a TAAs or thoracic aortic aneurysms.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-aortic-aneurysm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350188#dialogId28168701
What is an aneurysm?
Quick vocabulary review! An aneurysm refers to a bulging, "ballooned" area within the wall of a blood vessel causing it to dilate and stretch to a size larger than its normal width. The major concern when an aneurysm occurs is that the vessel loses a lot of its natural strength and ability to accommodate different blood volumes and may rupture due to instability.
One misconception that a lot of people have (including me until it got drilled in my head during my cardiovascular unit in school!!) is that aneurysms can only occur in arteries. While they are much more likely to occur in arteries (which have higher pressures), any blood vessel can develop an aneurysm during stress, including veins.
Aneurysms of the brain and heart vessels carry a major risk and require careful screening, long-term monitoring and care by doctors.
TAA
Thoracic aortic aneurysms refer to any aneurysm that include the thoracic component of the aorta, including the ascending aorta, arch or upper part of the descending aorta up to the diaphragm muscle. Be sure to refer to yesterday's post where we went over the different regions of the aorta!
https://sites.uw.edu/uwmtap/thoracic-aneurysm-dissection/
Causes
The easiest way to understand causes of TAA is to remember that aneurysms are "weak" parts within the aortic wall. This means that they develop when our poor aorta is subjected to increased strain or pressure for extended periods of time.
The most common cause of TAA is atherosclerosis, which refers to the accumulation of fat and calcium deposits within the innermost lining or tunica intima layer. This can cause damage to those beautiful endothelial cells and stop the smooth transfer of nutrients and oxygen in our blood.
Other risk factors include high blood pressure (increased strain of blood flow as it travels through the walls) , smoking (which directly damages endothelial cells) and genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome (which causes abnormal development of connective and elastic tissue).
Symptoms
Most TAAs do not produce notable symptoms until they become large enough to compress nearby structures or rupture.
When symptom do occur they could include things such as pain in chest and back, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or shortness of breath. Some people may also feel a "beating" mass in their chest which can be described as "pulsating".
Rupture of a TAA is a medical emergency and will present with a sudden, sharp pain in the upper back that travels to the back and downwards, sudden drop in blood pressure and dizziness / loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis, Management and Treatment
To diagnose a TAA, your doctor will order a series of imaging studies to be able to directly visualize the entire aorta and identify aneurysms.
Such studies may include things such as an ultrasound, CT scans, MRI and/or angiography to determine their size and location. Duc will be discussing all of these tests more in depth later this month!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_aneurysm#/media/File:CTRupturedTA.PNG
Treatment of TAAs will vary depending on how big they are, where they are located, and a review of a patient's other health conditions. While small aneurysms can be monitored with routine images and management of a patient risk factors, such as blood pressure, large aneurysms can be repaired using open surgery or endovascular procedures to prevent rupture.
Some lifestyle adjustments one can make to decrease their risk of a TAA including managing their blood pressure and lipid levels, maintaining a health active lifestyle and quitting smoking. If you are at high-risk for TAAs or have a family history for one, be sure to always discuss your concerns and potential screening options.
And that wraps up this today's session!
Be sure to check out some of these links for more information about TAAs:
Join us back here tomorrow where Duc will be discussing abdominal abdominal aneurysms (AAA). Thanks for tuning in and as always, remember to #ThinkAorta!
Until next time,
Adham
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